High throughput fabrication of nanoparticles

ABSTRACT

This application provides a high throughput method of making nanoparticles that utilizes plates comprising wells (e.g., 96-well plates).

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 13/716,275, filedDec. 17, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,846,077, which is a continuation ofU.S. Ser. No. 12/557,065, filed Sep. 10, 2009, which claims the benefitof U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/095,724, filed Sep. 10,2008, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entirety, including all figures, tables and amino acid or nucleicacid sequences.

This invention was made with United States Government support underCooperative Agreement Number 70NANB7H7021 awarded by the NationalInstitute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The United StatesGovernment has certain rights in the invention.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This application provides a high throughput method of makingnanoparticles that utilizes plates comprising wells (e.g., 96-wellplates).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

FIG. 1—Illustration of high throughput process.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

This application provides a high throughput method of makingnanoparticles that utilizes plates comprising wells (e.g., 96-wellplates). In this aspect of the invention, stock solutions can be madewhich comprise:

-   a) a first stock solution comprising an oil phase which contains    drug and polymers admixed with organic solvents;-   b) a second stock solution comprising a surfactant and solvents    (typically an aqueous phase);-   c) a third stock solution comprising a water or buffer quench; and-   d) a fourth phase comprising a drug solubilizer.    In one aspect of the invention, an aqueous phase is first pipetted    by hand or via a fluid handling robot into a standard multi-well    polypropylene plate (e.g., 250 uL is pipetted into a 96 well    polypropylene plate). A stock solution comprising an oil phase can    then be pipetted into the aqueous phase already present in the plate    by hand or robot. The preferred water:oil ratio is 5:1 but ranges    from 1:1 to 1:15 will also form emulsions and can be used in this    aspect of the invention. In certain embodiments, the stock solution    comprising an oil phase can be added to the plate first and the    stock solution comprising an aqueous phase can be added to the    solution containing the oil phase. Following the admixture of the    first and second stock solutions, sonication is performed on the    combined stock solutions to form an emulsion. The emulsion can then    be added to a high volume (1 or 2 or 5 mL per well) multi-well plate    loaded with the third stock solution comprising a water or buffer    quench and cooled to 4° C. The quench solution can be, optionally,    premixed with a drug solubilizer (e.g., TWEEN-80 or    Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin) or a drug solubilizer can be added    to the quench solution to dissolve unencapsulated drug.

In a further aspect of the invention, the nanoparticle solution can thentransferred to a multi-well filter plate for rough filtration. Forexample, a 0.45 micron membrane can be used to remove large particlesand drug crystals via vacuum. The filtrate can then be transferred toanother filter plate with a 100 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO)membrane to filter out small particles like drug micelles (finefiltration). Individual centrifuge filters can also be used if largerMWCO are required. The fine filtration is performed in a centrifuge at4000 rpm and at 4° C. until all liquid is filtered away. The particlescan then be washed by diafiltration which involves the addition of wateror buffers to the filter plate and centrifugation to remove the addedwater or buffers. This step can be, optionally, repeated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,or 10 times to remove any excess material including organic solvents notincorporated into the nanoparticles. After the final wash, thenanoparticles can be resuspended in water or an aqueous solution, frozenusing liquid nitrogen or lyophilized for future use.

First Stock Solution (Active Agents and Polymers)

As discussed above, a first stock solution comprising an organic phasewhich contains drug and polymers admixed with organic solvents isprovided. Thus, the first stock solution can contain polymers comprisinga targeting agent coupled to a PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)) polymer (viathe α terminus) that is then coupled to biocompatible and biodegradablehydrophobic polymer (polyester) blocks. Alternatively, the polymer cancomprise PEG coupled to biocompatible and biodegradable hydrophobicpolymer (polyester) blocks (without a targeting agent). Exemplarypolyesters suitable for use in the disclosed methods copolymerscomprising lactic acid and glycolic acid units, such as poly(lacticacid-co-glycolic acid) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide), collectivelyreferred to herein as “PLGA”; and homopolymers comprising glycolic acidunits, referred to herein as “PGA,” and lactic acid units, such aspoly-L-lactic acid, poly-D-lactic acid, poly-D,L-lactic acid,poly-L-lactide, poly-D-lactide, and poly-D,L-lactide, collectivelyreferred to herein as “PLA.” In some embodiments, exemplary polyestersinclude, for example, polyhydroxyacids; PEGylated polymers andcopolymers of lactide and glycolide (e.g., PEGylated PLA, PEGylated PGA,PEGylated PLGA, and derivatives thereof. In some embodiments, polyestersinclude, for example, polyanhydrides, poly(ortho ester) PEGylatedpoly(ortho ester), poly(caprolactone), PEGylated poly(caprolactone),polylysine, PEGylated polylysine, poly(ethylene inline), PEGylatedpoly(ethylene imine), poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine), poly(serine ester),poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester), poly[a-(4-aminobutyl)-L-glycolic acid],and derivatives thereof. Yet other embodiments provide polymers that maybe one or more acrylic polymers. In certain embodiments, acrylicpolymers include, for example, acrylic acid and copolymers, methylmethacrylate copolymers, ethoxyethyl methacrylates, cyanoethylmethacrylate, aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer, methacrylic acidalkylamide copolymer, poly(methyl methacrylate), aminoalkyl methacrylatecopolymer, glycidyl methacrylate copolymers, polycyanoacrylates, andcombinations comprising one or more of the foregoing polymers. Theacrylic polymer may comprise fully-polymerized copolymers of acrylic andmethacrylic acid esters. In some other embodiments, polymers can becationic polymers. In general, cationic polymers are able to condenseand/or protect negatively charged strands of nucleic acids (e.g. DNA,RNA, or derivatives thereof). Amine-containing polymers such aspoly(lysine) (Zauner et al., 1998, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 30:97; andKabanov et al., 1995, Bioconjugate Chem., 6:7), poly(ethylene imine)(PEI; Boussif et al, 1995, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 1995, 92:7297),and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (Kukowska-Latallo et al., 1996, Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, 93:4897; Tang et al., 1996, Bioconjugate Chem.,7:703; and Haensler et al., 1993, Bioconjugate Chem., 4:372) arepositively-charged at physiological pH, form ion pairs with nucleicacids, and mediate transfection in a variety of cell lines. In yet otherembodiments, polymers can be degradable polyesters bearing cationic sidechains (Putnam et al., 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; Barrera et al.,1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:11010; Urn et al., 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc.,121:5633; and Zhou et al, 1990, Macromolecules, 23:3399). Examples ofthese polyesters include poly(L-lactide-co-L-lysine) (Barrera et al,1993, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 115:11010), poly(serine ester) (Zhou et al,1990, Macromolecules, 23:3399), poly(4-hydroxy-L-pro line ester) (Putnamet al, 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim et al, 1999, J. Am. Chem.Soc., 121:5633). Poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester) was demonstrated tocondense plasmid DNA through electrostatic interactions, and to mediategene transfer (Putnam et al, 1999, Macromolecules, 32:3658; and Lim etal, 1999, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121:5633). These new polymers are lesstoxic than poly(lysine) and PEI, and they degrade into non-toxicmetabolites. Organic solvents that can be used in the formation of thisfirst solution include, but are not limited to, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, benzyl alcohol, acetonitrile, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran,acetone, formamide, dimethylformamide, pyridines, dioxane,dimethysulfoxide and various combinations thereof.

In a particular embodiment, the molecular weight of the polymers of thenanoparticles of the invention are optimized. For example, the molecularweight of the polymer influences nanoparticle degradation rate(particularly when the molecular weight of a biodegradable polymer isadjusted), solubility, water uptake, and drug release kinetics (e.g.“controlled release”). As a further example, the molecular weight of thepolymer can be adjusted such that the nanoparticle biodegrades in thesubject being treated within a reasonable period of time (ranging from afew hours to 1-2 weeks, 3-4 weeks, 5-6 weeks, 7-8 weeks, etc.). Inparticular embodiments of a nanoparticle comprising a copolymer of PEGand PLGA, PEG and PLA or PEG, PLA and PLGA, the PEG has a molecularweight of 1,000-20,000, e.g., 5,000-10,000, 5,000-20,000, e.g.,10,000-20,000, PLA has a molecular weight of 5,000-100,000, e.g.,15,000-45,000, 20,000-70,000, or 20,000-50,000, and the PLGA has amolecular weight of 5,000-100,000, e.g., 15,000-45,000, 20,000-70,000,e.g., 20,000-50,000.

Active Agents

As discussed above, active agents (bioactive moieties) are included inthe first stock solution. Active agents (also referred to as therapeuticagents, diagnostic agents or bioactive moieties agents) include, and arenot limited to, therapeutic agents (e.g. anti-cancer agents), diagnosticagents (e.g. contrast agents; radionuclides; and fluorescent,luminescent, and magnetic moieties), prophylactic agents (e.g.vaccines), and/or nutraceutical agents (e.g. vitamins, minerals, etc.).Exemplary therapeutic agents to be delivered in accordance with thepresent invention include, but are not limited to, small molecules (e.g.cytotoxic agents), nucleic acids (e.g., siRNA, RNAi, and mircoRNAagents), proteins (e.g. antibodies), peptides, lipids, carbohydrates,hormones, metals, radioactive elements and compounds, drugs, vaccines,immunological agents, etc., and/or combinations thereof. In someembodiments, the agent to be delivered is an agent useful in thetreatment of cancer (e.g., prostate cancer).

Some examples of therapeutic agents that can included in the first stocksolution include, but are not limited to agents such as penicillins,aminopenicillins, penicillins in conjunction with penicillinaseinhibitor and/or anti-fungal agents), cephalosporins, cephamycins andcarbapenems, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides andaminoglycosides. Specific examples include, but are not limited to,erythromycin, bacitracin zinc, polymyxin, polymyxin B sulfates,neomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, gramicidin, ciprofloxacin,trimethoprim, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin,norfloxacin, sodium sulfacetamide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline,azithromycin, clarithyromycin, trimethoprim sulfate and bacitracin.

Yet other examples of therapeutic agents suitable for inclusion withinthe first stock solution are non-steroidal (NSAIDs) and steroidalanti-inflammatory agents (generally referred to as anti inflammatoryagents (including both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors)). Examples include,but are not limited to, corticosteroids, medrysone, prednisolone,prednisolone acetate, prednisolone sodium phosphate, fluormetholone,dexamethasone, dexamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone,fluoromethasone, antazoline, fluorometholone acetate, rimexolone,loteprednol etabonate, diclofenac (diclofenac sodium), ketorolac,ketorolac tromethamine, hydrocortisone, bromfenac, flurbiprofen,antazoline and xylometazoline.

Other therapeutic agents that can be incorporated into the first stocksolution include anti-histamines, mast cell stabilizers and otheranti-allergy agents. Examples include, but are not limited, cromolynsodium, lodoxamide tromethamine, olopatadine HCl, nedocromil sodium,ketotifen fumurate, levocabastine HCL, azelastine HCL, pemirolast(pemirolast potassium), epinastine HCL, naphazoline HCL, emedastine,antazoline, pheniramine, sodium cromoglycate, N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamicacid and amlexanox.

Other non-limiting examples of potentially suitable therapeutic agentsfor incorporation into the first stock solution include anti-canceragents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), CPT-11,10-hydroxy-7-ethylcamptothecin (SN38), S-I capecitabine, ftorafur,5′deoxyflurouridine, UFT, eniluracil, deoxycytidine, 5-azacytosine,5-azadeoxycytosine, allopurinol, 2-chloroadenosine, aminopterin,methylene-10-deazaaminopterin (MDAM), oxaplatin, picoplatin,tetraplatin, satraplatin, platinum-DACH, ormaplatin,[SP-4-3-(R)]-[1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato-(2-)](2methyl-1,4-butanediamine-N,N′)platinum (CI-973), and analogs thereof,9-aminocamptothecin, 10,11-methylenedioxycamptothecin, karenitecin,9-nitrocamptothecin,6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-onedihydrochloride (TAS 103), L-phenylalanine mustard,ifosphamidemefosphamide, trophosphamide carmustine, epothilones A-E,tomudex, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, karenitecin, acyclovir,valacyclovir, ganciclovir, amantadine, rimantadine, lamivudine,zidovudine, bevacizumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, 20-epi-1α, 25dihydroxyvitamin D3, 4-ipomeanol, 5-ethynyluracil, 9-dihydrotaxol,abiraterone, acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine,acylfiilvene, adecypenol, adozelesin, aldesleukin, all-tk antagonists,altretamine, ambamustine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, amidox,amifostine, aminoglutethimide, aminolevulinic acid, amrubicin,amsacrine, anagrelide, anastrozole, andrographolide, angiogenesisinhibitors, antagonist D, antagonist G, antarelix, anthramycin,anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1, antiestrogen, antineoplaston,antisense oligonucleotides, aphidicolin glycinate, apoptosis genemodulators, apoptosis regulators, apurinic acid, ARA-CDP-DL-PTBA,arginine deaminase, asparaginase, asperlin, asulacrine, atamestane,atrimustine, axinastatin 1, axinastatin 2, axinastatin 3, azacitidine,azasetron, azatoxin, azatyrosine, azetepa, azotomycin, baccatin IIIderivatives, balanol, batimastat, benzochlorins, benzodepa,benzoylstaurosporine, beta lactam derivatives, beta-alethine,betaclamycin B, betulinic acid, BFGF inhibitor, bicalutamide,bisantrene, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisazuidinylspermine, bisnafide,bisnafide dimesylate, bistratene A, bizelesin, bleomycin, bleomycinsulfate, BRC/ABL antagonists, breflate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine,budotitane, busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, cactinomycin,calcipotriol, calphostin C, calusterone, camptothecin derivatives,canarypox IL-2, capecitabine, caraceraide, carbetimer, carboplatin,carboxamide-amino-triazole, carboxyamidotriazole, methylgloyoxalmaleimide, carmustine, earn 700, cartilage derived inhibitor, carubicinhydrochloride, carzelesin, casein kinase inhibitors, castanospermine,cecropin B, cedefingol, cetrorelix, chlorambucil, chlorins,chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide, cicaprost, cirolemycin, cisplatin,cis-porphyrin, cladribine, clomifene analogs, clotrimazole, collismycinA, collismycin B, combretastatin A4, combretastatin analog, conagenin,crambescidin 816, crisnatol, crisnatol mesylate, cryptophycin 8,cryptophycin A derivatives, curacin A, cyclopentanthraquinones,cyclophosphamide, cycloplatam, cypemycin, cytarabine, cytarabineocfosfate, cytolytic factor, cytostatin, dacarbazine, dacliximab,dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decitabine, dehydrodidemnin B,deslorelin, dexifosfamide, dexormaplatin, dexrazoxane, dexverapamil,dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, didemnin B, didox,dihydro-5-azacytidine, dioxamycin, diphenyl spiromustine, docetaxel,docosanol, dolasetron, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, doxorubicinhydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolonepropionate, dronabinol, duazomycin, duocarmycin SA, ebselen, ecomustine,edatrexate, edelfosine, edrecolomab, eflomithine, eflomithinehydrochloride, elemene, elsarnitrucin, emitefur, enloplatin, enpromate,epipropidine, epirubicin, epirubicin hydrochloride, epristeride,erbulozole, erythrocyte gene therapy vector system, esorubicinhydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine analog, estramustine phosphatesodium, estrogen agonists, estrogen antagonists, etanidazole, etoposide,etoposide phosphate, etoprine, exemestane, fadrozole, fadrozolehydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, filgrastim, finasteride,flavopiridol, flezelastine, floxuridine, fluasterone, fludarabine,fludarabine phosphate, fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride, fluorouracil,flurocitabine, forfenimex, formestane, fosquidone, fostriecin,fostriecin sodium, fotemustine, gadolinium texaphyrin, gallium nitrate,galocitabine, ganirelix, gelatinase inhibitors, gemcitabine, gemcitabinehydrochloride, glutathione inhibitors, hepsulfam, heregulin,hexamethylene bisacetamide, hydroxyurea, hypericin, ibandronic acid,idarubicin, idarubicin hydrochloride, idoxifene, idramantone,ifosfamide, ilomastat, imidazoacridones, imiquimod, immunostimulantpeptides, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor, interferonagonists, interferon alpha-2A, interferon alpha-2B, interferon alpha-N1,interferon alpha-N3, interferon beta-IA, interferon gamma-IB,interferons, interleukins, iobenguane, iododoxorubicin, iproplatin,irinotecan, irinotecan hydrochloride, iroplact, irsogladine,isobengazole, isohomohalicondrin B, itasetron, jasplakinolide,kahalalide F, lamellarin-N triacetate, lanreotide, lanreotide acetate,leinamycin, lenograstim, lentinan sulfate, leptolstatin, letrozole,leukemia inhibiting factor, leukocyte alpha interferon, leuprolideacetate, leuprolide/estrogen/progesterone, leuprorelin, levamisole,liarozole, liarozole hydrochloride, linear polyamine analog, lipophilicdisaccharide peptide, lipophilic platinum compounds, lissoclinamide,lobaplatin, lombricine, lometrexol, lometrexol sodium, lomustine,lonidamine, losoxantrone, losoxantrone hydrochloride, lovastatin,loxoribine, lurtotecan, lutetium texaphyrin lysofylline, lytic peptides,maitansine, mannostatin A, marimastat, masoprocol, maspin, matrilysininhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, maytansine,mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate,melphalan, menogaril, merbarone, mercaptopurine, meterelin,methioninase, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoclopramide,metoprine, meturedepa, microalgal protein kinase C inhibitors, MIFinhibitor, mifepristone, miltefosine, mirimostim, mismatched doublestranded RNA, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin,mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitomycin analogs,mitonafide, mitosper, mitotane, mitotoxin fibroblast growthfactor-saporin, mitoxantrone, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mofarotene,molgramostim, monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin,monophosphoryl lipid a/myobacterium cell wall SK, mopidamol, multipledrug resistance gene inhibitor, multiple tumor suppressor 1-basedtherapy, mustard anticancer agent, mycaperoxide B, mycobacterial cellwall extract, mycophenolic acid, myriaporone, n-acetyldinaline,nafarelin, nagrestip, naloxone/pentazocine, napavin, naphterpin,nartograstim, nedaplatin, nemorubicin, neridronic acid, neutralendopeptidase, nilutamide, nisamycin, nitric oxide modulators, nitroxideantioxidant, nitrullyn, nocodazole, nogalamycin, n-substitutedbenzamides, O6-benzylguanine, octreotide, okicenone, oligonucleotides,onapristone, ondansetron, oracin, oral cytokine inducer, ormaplatin,osaterone, oxaliplatin, oxaunomycin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, paclitaxelanalogs, paclitaxel derivatives, palauamine, palmitoylrhizoxin,pamidronic acid, panaxytriol, panomifene, parabactin, pazelliptine,pegaspargase, peldesine, peliomycin, pentamustine, pentosan polysulfatesodium, pentostatin, pentrozole, peplomycin sulfate, perflubron,perfosfamide, perillyl alcohol, phenazinomycin, phenylacetate,phosphatase inhibitors, picibanil, pilocarpine hydrochloride,pipobroman, piposulfan, pirarubicin, piritrexim, piroxantronehydrochloride, placetin A, placetin B, plasminogen activator inhibitor,platinum complex, platinum compounds, platinum-triamine complex,plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine,procarbazine hydrochloride, propyl bis-acridone, prostaglandin J2,prostatic carcinoma antiandrogen, proteasome inhibitors, protein A-basedimmune modulator, protein kinase C inhibitor, protein tyrosinephosphatase inhibitors, purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors,puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, purpurins, pyrazorurin,pyrazoloacridine, pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate,RAF antagonists, raltitrexed, ramosetron, RAS farnesyl proteintransferase inhibitors, RAS inhibitors, RAS-GAP inhibitor, retelliptinedemethylated, rhenium RE 186 etidronate, rhizoxin, riboprine, ribozymes,RH retinarnide, RNAi, rogletimide, rohitukine, romurtide, roquinimex,rubiginone B1, ruboxyl, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, saintopin,sarcnu, sarcophytol A, sargramostim, SDI1 mimetics, semustine,senescence derived inhibitor 1, sense oligonucleotides, signaltransduction inhibitors, signal transduction modulators, simtrazene,single chain antigen binding protein, sizofiran, sobuzoxane, sodiumborocaptate, sodium phenylacetate, solverol, somatomedin bindingprotein, sonermin, sparfosafe sodium, sparfosic acid, sparsomycin,spicamycin D, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin,splenopentin, spongistatin 1, squalamine, stem cell inhibitor, stem-celldivision inhibitors, stipiamide, streptonigrin, streptozocin,stromelysin inhibitors, sulfinosine, sulofenur, superactive vasoactiveintestinal peptide antagonist, suradista, suramin, swainsonine,synthetic glycosaminoglycans, talisomycin, tallimustine, tamoxifenmethiodide, tauromustine, tazarotene, tecogalan sodium, tegafur,tellurapyrylium, telomerase inhibitors, teloxantrone hydrochloride,temoporfin, temozolomide, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone,tetrachlorodecaoxide, tetrazomine, thaliblastine, thalidomide,thiamiprine, thiocoraline, thioguanine, thiotepa, thrombopoietin,thrombopoietin mimetic, thymalfasin, thymopoietin receptor agonist,thymotrinan, thyroid stimulating hormone, tiazofurin, tin ethyletiopurpurin, tirapazamine, titanocene dichloride, topotecanhydrochloride, topsentin, toremifene, toremifene citrate, totipotentstem cell factor, translation inhibitors, trestolone acetate, tretinoin,triacetyluridine, triciribine, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate,trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tropisetron, tubulozolehydrochloride, turosteride, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostins, UBCinhibitors, ubenimex, uracil mustard, uredepa, urogenital sinus-derivedgrowth inhibitory factor, urokinase receptor antagonists, vapreotide,variolin B, velaresol, veramine, verdins, verteporfin, vinblastinesulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidinesulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine,vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinxaltine, vinzolidinesulfate, vitaxin, vorozole, zanoterone, zeniplatin, zilascorb,zinostatin, zinostatin stimalamer, or zorubicin hydrochloride andcombinations thereof.

Second Stock Solution

The second stock solution comprises an aqueous phase in combination witha surfactant and organic solvents. The majority of the second solutionis water while the organic solvent improves drug encapsulation in theparticles. The organic solvent should be the same as the solvent used inthe first stock solution. The organic solvent should be slightlymiscible in water, and in preferred embodiments less than 10% of thesecond solution. In certain embodiments, the solvent is a halogenatedsolvent such as carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, or methylene chloride.In other embodiments, the solvent is not halogenated. Exemplarynon-halogenated organic solvents include ethyl acetate, diethyl ether,hexanes, tetrahyrofuran, benzene, acetonitrile, benzyl alcohol, andtoluene.

Any surfactant may be used in the second stock solution. In certainembodiments, the surfactant is biocompatible. Exemplary surfactantsinclude, but are not limited to, phosphoglycerides;phosphatidylcholines; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC);dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE);dioleyloxypropyltriethylammonium (DOTMA); dioleoylphosphatidylcholine;cholesterol; cholesterol ester; diacylglycerol; diacylglycerolsuccinate;diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); hexanedecanol; fatty alcohols such aspolyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surfaceactive fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; fatty acids;fatty acid amides; sorbitan trioleate (Span 85) glycocholate;polysorbate 80 (TWEEN-80); sodium cholate, methyl cellulose; gelatin;surfactin; a poloxomer; a sorbitan fatty acid ester such as sorbitantrioleate; lecithin; lysolecithin; phosphatidylserine;phosphatidylinositol; sphingomyelin; phosphatidylethanolamine(cephalin); cardiolipin; phosphatidic acid; cerebrosides;dicetylphosphate; dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol; stearylamine;dodecylamine; hexadecyl-amine; acetyl palmitate; glycerol ricinoleate;hexadecyl sterate; isopropyl myristate; tyloxapol; poly(ethylene glycol)5000-phosphatidylethanolamine; polyvinyl alcohol) (PVA); Pluronics(poloxamers or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide),sodium cholate, and phospholipids. In certain embodiments, thesurfactant is polysorbate 80. The surfactant in the second stocksolution may be a mixture of different surfactants and the concentration(v/v) of the surfactant in the second stock solution may range from0.001% to 10%; 0.01% to 5%; or 0.1% to 2%. In certain embodiments, theconcentration of the surfactant in the second stock solution isapproximately 1%. In other embodiments, the concentration of thesurfactant is approximately 0.1% or approximately 0.01%.

As noted above, the stock solutions can be added to multi-well plates byhand or by a fluid-handling robot. The solution may be added tomulti-well plates (e.g., 24-, 48-, or 96-well plates). In certainembodiments, deep multi-well plates (that can hold 1-5 mL of solution)are used.

When the first and second stock solutions are combined, the ratio of theaqueous phase (second stock solution) added to the organic/oil phase(first stock solution; also designated as second stock solution:firststock solution) is 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50,or 1:100. In certain embodiments, the ratio is approximately 1:5. Afteradding the first and second stock solutions together in a designatedratio, an emulsion is formed using vigorous agitation (e.g.,sonication). A multi-tip probe sonicator (e.g., a 24 tip probesonicator) may be used to form the primary emulsion. The duration of thesonication can range from 1 second to 60 seconds. In certainembodiments, the duration of the sonication is from 5-20 seconds or fora period of about 10 seconds. Sonication can be performed at roomtemperature or at other temperatures (e.g., 4° C.).

Third Stock Solution (Quenching Solutions)

After the emulsion is formed, it can be transferred to a second platecontaining a quench solution (also referred to as “a third stocksolution” herein) comprising water or a buffer. Where the quenchsolution is a buffer, it can comprise pharmaceutically acceptableexcipients, buffers, salts, acids, bases and/or sugars (e.g.,compositions comprising saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS)).Sugars, such as sucrose, cyclodextran and natural polysaccharides can beused in the formulation of this stock solution. In certain embodiments,a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is added as a quench solution.The transfer of the emulsion to a second multiwell plate can beperformed by hand or via a fluid handling robot. In other embodiments,the quench solution can be added to the emulsion formed in a deep wellplate by hand of a fluid handling robot. In certain embodiments, theratio of the emulsion to the quench solution is 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:6,1:7, 1:8, 1:9, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, 1:25, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, or 1:100. Incertain embodiments, the ratio is approximately 1:8. In someembodiments, the third stock solution is held at a temperature between 0and 4° C. and the combined solution (comprising the emulsion and thequench solution) is cooled to 0 to 4° C.

Fourth Stock Solution (“Drug Solubilizer”)

The fourth stock solution can comprise water in combination with asurfactant and/or drug solubilizer. The drug solubilizer can dissolveunencapsulated drug so it can be separated from the particles bytechniques like filtration or centrifugation. Any surfactant or drugsolubilizer may also be used in the fourth stock solution. In certainembodiments, the surfactant/solubilizer is biocompatible. Exemplarysurfactants include, but are not limited to, phosphoglycerides;phosphatidylcholines; dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC);dioleylphosphatidyl ethanolamine (DOPE);dioleyloxypropyltriethylammonium (DOTMA); dioleoylphosphatidylcholine;cholesterol; cholesterol ester; diacylglycerol; diacylglycerolsuccinate;diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPPG); hexanedecanol; fatty alcohols such aspolyethylene glycol (PEG); polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether; a surfaceactive fatty acid, such as palmitic acid or oleic acid; fatty acids;fatty acid amides; sorbitan trioleate (Span 85) glycocholate;polysorbate 80 (TWEEN-80); cyclodextrins including beta-cyclodextrin,methyl cellulose; gelatin; surfactin; a poloxomer; a sorbitan fatty acidester such as sorbitan trioleate; lecithin; lysolecithin;phosphatidylserine; phosphatidylinositol; sphingomyelin;phosphatidylethanolamine (cephalin); cardiolipin; phosphatidic acid;cerebrosides; dicetylphosphate; dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol;stearylamine; dodecylamine; hexadecyl-amine; acetyl palmitate; glycerolricinoleate; hexadecyl sterate; isopropyl myristate;

tyloxapol; poly(ethylene glycol) 5000-phosphatidylethanolamine;polyvinyl alcohol) (PVA); and phospholipids. In certain embodiments, thesurfactant is polysorbate 80. The surfactant or solubilizer in thefourth stock solution may be a mixture of different surfactants and theconcentration (v/v) in the stock solution may range from 0.001% to 50%;5% to 30%; or 10% to 25%. The amount of drug solubilizer can beproportional to the amount of drug added to stock solution 1. The ratioof drug solubilizer to initial drug in stock solution 1 can be between1:1 and 1:10 with the preferred range of 1:1 to 1:5.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent theyare not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing theinvention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. Allpercentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are byvolume unless otherwise noted.

EXAMPLE 1 Solution Preparation

A solution was made by mixing 94 milliliters of deionized water, 4 mlethyl acetate, and 2 ml benzyl alcohol. Then, 2 grams of sodium cholatewere added to the solution with mixing. This final solution is used asthe aqueous phase and used for all formulations in this example. Tables1 and 2 list the composition of the oil phases created for this example.

TABLE 1 16-5 PLA-PEG Oil phase solutions (amounts in grams) Oil 16-5phase ethyl benzyl PLA- 22 kDa 80 kDa 25 kDa 100 kDa solution acetatealcohol PEG PLA PLA PLGA PLGA Docetaxel 1 4.5 1.2 0.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a0.3 2 4.5 1.2 0.53 0.18 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 3 4.5 1.2 0.35 0.35 n/a n/a n/a0.3 4 4.5 1.2 0.18 0.53 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 5 4.5 1.2 0.53 n/a 0.18 n/a n/a0.3 6 4.5 1.2 0.35 n/a 0.35 n/a n/a 0.3 7 4.5 1.2 0.18 n/a 0.53 n/a n/a0.3 8 4.5 1.2 0.53 n/a n/a 0.18 n/a 0.3 9 4.5 1.2 0.35 n/a n/a 0.35 n/a0.3 10 4.5 1.2 0.18 n/a n/a 0.53 n/a 0.3 11 4.5 1.2 0.53 n/a n/a n/a0.18 0.3 12 4.5 1.2 0.35 n/a n/a n/a 0.35 0.3 13 4.5 1.2 0.18 n/a n/an/a 0.53 0.3

TABLE 2 28-5 PLA-PEG Oil phase solutions (amounts in grams) Oil 28-5phase ethyl benzyl PLA- 22 kDa 80 kDa 25 kDa 100 kDa solution acetatealcohol PEG PLA PLA PLGA PLGA Docetaxel 14 4.5 1.2 0.7 n/a n/a n/a n/a0.3 15 4.5 1.2 0.53 0.18 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 16 4.5 1.2 0.35 0.35 n/a n/an/a 0.3 17 4.5 1.2 0.18 0.53 n/a n/a n/a 0.3 18 4.5 1.2 0.53 n/a 0.18n/a n/a 0.3 19 4.5 1.2 0.35 n/a 0.35 n/a n/a 0.3 20 4.5 1.2 0.18 n/a0.53 n/a n/a 0.3 21 4.5 1.2 0.53 n/a n/a 0.18 n/a 0.3 22 4.5 1.2 0.35n/a n/a 0.35 n/a 0.3 23 4.5 1.2 0.18 n/a n/a 0.53 n/a 0.3 24 4.5 1.20.53 n/a n/a n/a 0.18 0.3 25 4.5 1.2 0.35 n/a n/a n/a 0.35 0.3 26 4.51.2 0.18 n/a n/a n/a 0.53 0.3

Nanoparticle Creation

250 microliters of the aqueous phase were pipetted into each tube of anarray of 96 1-milliliter tubes. Then 50 microliters of oil phase wasadded to the aqueous phase in the tubes. For this example, there were 26oil phases with one aqueous phase so each oil phase was used in 3separate wells to create replicate formulations. Oil phases 1 and 14were used in 12 wells each since they represented baseline formulationsthat could tie to previous experiments. The oil and water mixtures wereformed into an emulsion by sonication with 3 cycles of 10 seconds at 60%amplitude. Between each sonication cycle, the emulsion was cooled to 10C. After sonication, the emulsions were pipetted into another 96 deepwell plate that contained 1500 microliters of deionized water and wascooled to 4 C on an ice bath. This step quenched the emulsion andstabilized the nanoparticles. Then 200 microliters of a solution of 50wt % hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water was added to all wells andmixed with a pipette to solubilize unencapsulated drug. After mixing,the formulations were transferred, one per well, to Amicon Ultra-4centrifuge filters with 100 kDa cutoff membrane. These filters were thenplaced in an Eppendorf 5804R centrifuge set to 4000 g and 4 C and spunfor 10 minutes. After the first spin cycle, 1 milliliter of a 5%Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin in water solution was added to thefilter and the filters spun again. This process, adding cyclodextrinsolution and spinning, was repeated a total of 8 more times. After thelast spin, the particles were resuspended with 1 milliliter deionizedwater and transferred to a Pall Acroprep 1 micron filter plate and spunin the centrifuge for 10 minutes. This completes the processing of theparticles.

Nanoparticle Characterization

Particle diameter was measured by dynamic light scattering and resultstabulated in Table 3. Docetaxel content of the formulations was measuredby HPLC and shown in Table 4. Solids concentration of the formulationswas measured by drying the suspensions and weighing the leftover solidsand are shown in Table 5.

TABLE 3 Particle Diameter in nanometers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A 5977 74 68 62 83 67 99 72 82 69 88 B 103 98 102 116 128 127 127 158 88 122111 101 C 61 67 68 68 57 77 80 80 68 82 63 89 D 213 214 179 222 168 253124 191 154 172 131 181 E 54 62 52 63 61 61 90 69 71 74 66 69 F 88 96 75102 83 100 88 104 79 92 97 90 G 66 169 76 118 67 164 76 181 78 154 77158 H 267 229 273 255 276 225 243 233 260 228 267 244

TABLE 4 Docetaxel Content in micrograms per milliliter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 910 11 12 A 186 153 270 314 301 248 169 66 150 94 172 130 B 305 173 306151 463 189 203 39 115 111 112 85 C 145 95 200 157 219 283 185 25 152148 166 182 D 318 600 448 697 606 735 149 61 188 282 236 480 E 143 88174 115 195 161 246 26 181 72 151 92 F 123 129 143 124 157 146 50 16 8042 76 67 G 200 370 248 445 247 720 185 193 185 459 175 576 H 388 49 74453 474 104 498 26 640 171 719 215

TABLE 5 Concentration of solids in each formulation, milligrams permilliliter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A 4.1 3.5 5.3 4.8 5.4 4.7 2.9 3.74.0 1.8 4.6 2.0 B 2.7 1.8 3.7 1.4 4.6 1.5 1.9 0.5 2.2 0.9 2.1 0.8 C 3.53.0 4.9 2.8 5.2 4.4 3.0 2.6 3.9 2.9 4.6 2.9 D 1.6 2.8 2.3 3.1 3.8 2.80.9 1.2 1.3 1.5 2.0 2.4 E 3.5 3.2 4.7 3.9 4.9 4.1 3.0 2.1 3.9 2.1 4.32.4 F 3.0 2.7 3.2 2.7 4.0 2.8 0.7 1.1 1.9 0.2 2.1 1.5 G 4.0 3.7 5.4 4.55.2 5.1 2.7 3.4 3.9 3.2 4.3 3.7 H 1.9 0.3 3.7 0.3 2.7 0.6 1.5 0.4 2.91.1 4.3 1.0

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, anyelements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosedherein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations(individually or in any combination) or any other invention orembodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations arecontemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

1. A method of preparing nanoparticles comprising: (a) providing: (i) afirst stock solution comprising an active agent and polymers admixedwith one or more organic solvents; (ii) a second stock solutioncomprising a surfactant and a solvent in aqueous phase; (iii) a thirdstock solution comprising a water or buffer quench solution; and (iv) afourth stock solution comprising an aqueous carrier andbeta-cyclodextrin; (b) combining a volume of said first stock solutionand a volume of said second stock solution to form an emulsificationsolution; (c) emulsifying said emulsification solution; (d) combiningthe emulsion formed in step (c) with a volume of the third stocksolution; (e) adding a volume of the fourth stock solution to thesolution formed in step (d); and separating beta-cyclodextrin anddissolved unencapsulated active agent from the resulting solution; and(f) collecting the nanoparticles from the solution formed in step (e).2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said active agent isselected from penicillins, aminopenicillins, penicillins in conjunctionwith penicillinase inhibitor and/or anti-fungal agents, cephalosporins,cephamycins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides,aminoglycosides, erythromycin, bacitracin zinc, polymyxin, polymyxin Bsulfates, neomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, gramicidin, ciprofloxacin,trimethoprim, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin,norfloxacin, sodium sulfacetamide, chloramphenicol, tetracycline,azithromycin, clarithyromycin, trimethoprim sulfate, bacitracin,corticosteroids, medrysone, prednisolone, prednisolone acetate,prednisolone sodium phosphate, fluormetholone, dexamethasone,dexamethasone sodium phosphate, betamethasone, fluoromethasone,antazoline, fluorometholone acetate, rimexolone, loteprednol etabonate,diclofenac (diclofenac sodium), ketorolac, ketorolac tromethamine,hydrocortisone, bromfenac, flurbiprofen, antazoline, xylometazoline,cromolyn sodium, lodoxamide tromethamine, olopatadine HCl, nedocromilsodium, ketotifen fumurate, levocabastine HCL, azelastine HCL,pemirolast (pemirolast potassium), epinastine HCL, naphazoline HCL,emedastine, antazoline, pheniramine, sodium cromoglycate,N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamic acid, amlexanox, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU),CPT-11, 10-hydroxy-7-ethylcamptothecin (SN38), S-I capecitabine,ftorafur, 5′deoxyflurouridine, UFT, eniluracil, deoxycytidine,5-azacytosine, 5-azadeoxycytosine, allopurinol, 2-chloroadenosine,aminopterin, methylene-10-deazaaminopterin (MDAM), oxaplatin,picoplatin, tetraplatin, satraplatin, platinum-DACH, ormaplatin,[SP-4-3-(R)]-[1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato- (2-)](2methyl-1,4-butanediamine-N,N′)platinum (CI-973), and analogs thereof,9-aminocamptothecin, 10, 11-methylenedioxycamptothecin, karenitecin,9-nitrocamptothecin,6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one dihydrochloride (TAS 103), L-phenylalanine mustard,ifosphamidemefosphamide, trophosphamide carmustine, epothilones A-E,tomudex, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, karenitecin, acyclovir,valacyclovir, ganciclovir, amantadine, rimantadine, lamivudine,zidovudine, bevacizumab, trastuzumab, rituximab, 20-epi-1α, 25dihydroxyvitamin D3, 4-ipomeanol, 5-ethynyluracil, 9-dihydrotaxol,abiraterone, acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine,acylfiilvene, adecypenol, adozelesin, aldesleukin, all-tk antagonists,altretamine, ambamustine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, amidox,amifostine, aminoglutethimide, aminolevulinic acid, amrubicin,amsacrine, anagrelide, anastrozole, andrographolide, angiogenesisinhibitors, antagonist D, antagonist G, antarelix, anthramycin,anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1, antiestrogen, antineoplaston,antisense oligonucleotides, aphidicolin glycinate, apoptosis genemodulators, apoptosis regulators, apurinic acid, ARA-CDP-DL-PTBA,arginine deaminase, asparaginase, asperlin, asulacrine, atamestane,atrimustine, axinastatin 1, axinastatin 2, axinastatin 3, azacitidine,azasetron, azatoxin, azatyrosine, azetepa, azotomycin, baccatin IIIderivatives, balanol, batimastat, benzochlorins, benzodepa,benzoylstaurosporine, beta lactam derivatives, beta-alethine,betaclamycin B, betulinic acid, BFGF inhibitor, bicalutamide,bisantrene, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisazuidinylspermine, bisnafide,bisnafide dimesylate, bistratene A, bizelesin, bleomycin, bleomycinsulfate, BRC/ABL antagonists, breflate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine,budotitane, busulfan, buthionine sulfoximine, cactinomycin,calcipotriol, calphostin C, calusterone, camptothecin derivatives,canarypox IL-2, capecitabine, caraceraide, carbetimer, carboplatin,carboxamide-amino-triazole, carboxyamidotriazole, methylglyoxalmaleimide, carmustine, cartilage derived inhibitor, carubicinhydrochloride, carzelesin, casein kinase inhibitors, castanosperrnine,cecropin B, cedefingol, cetrorelix, chlorambucil, chlorins,chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide, cicaprost, cirolemycin, cisplatin,cis-porphyrin, cladribine, clomifene analogs, clotrimazole, collismycinA, collismycin B, combretastatin A4, combretastatin analog, conagenin,crambescidin 816, crisnatol, crisnatol mesylate, cryptophycin 8,cryptophycin A derivatives, curacin A, cyclopentanthraquinones,cyclophosphamide, cycloplatam, cypemycin, cytarabine, cytarabineocfosfate, cytolytic factor, cytostatin, dacarbazine, dacliximab,dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decitabine, dehydrodidemnin B,deslorelin, dexifosfamide, dexormaplatin, dexrazoxane, dexverapamil,dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, didemnin B, didox,dihydro-5-azacytidine, dioxamycin, diphenyl spiromustine, docetaxel,docosanol, dolasetron, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, doxorubicinhydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolonepropionate, dronabinol, duazomycin, duocarmycin SA, ebselen, ecomustine,edatrexate, edelfosine, edrecolomab, eflomithine, eflomithinehydrochloride, elemene, elsarnitrucin, emitefur, enloplatin, enpromate,epipropidine, epirubicin, epirubicin hydrochloride, epristeride,erbulozole, erythrocyte gene therapy vector system, esorubicinhydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine analog, estramustine phosphatesodium, estrogen agonists, estrogen antagonists, etanidazole, etoposide,etoposide phosphate, etoprine, exemestane, fadrozole, fadrozolehydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, filgrastim, finasteride,flavopiridol, flezelastine, floxuridine, fluasterone, fludarabine,fludarabine phosphate, fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride, fluorouracil,flurocitabine, forfenimex, formestane, fosquidone, fostriecin,fostriecin sodium, fotemustine, gadolinium texaphyrin, gallium nitrate,galocitabine, ganirelix, gelatinase inhibitors, gemcitabine, gemcitabinehydrochloride, glutathione inhibitors, hepsulfam, heregulin,hexamethylene bisacetamide, hydroxyurea, hypericin, ibandronic acid,idarubicin, idarubicin hydrochloride, idoxifene, idramantone,ifosfamide, ilomastat, imidazoacridones, imiquimod, immunostimulantpeptides, insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor, interferonagonists, interferon alpha-2A, interferon alpha-2B, interferon alpha-N1,interferon alpha-N3, interferon beta-IA, interferon gamma-IB,interferons, interleukins, iobenguane, iododoxorubicin, iproplatin,irinotecan, irinotecan hydrochloride, iroplact, irsogladine,isobengazole, isohomohalicondrin B, itasetron, jasplakinolide,kahalalide F, lamellarin-N triacetate, lanreotide, lanreotide acetate,leinamycin, lenograstim, lentinan sulfate, leptolstatin, letrozole,leukemia inhibiting factor, leukocyte alpha interferon, leuprolideacetate, leuprolide/estrogen/progesterone, leuprorelin, levamisole,liarozole, liarozole hydrochloride, linear polyamine analog, lipophilicdisaccharide peptide, lipophilic platinum compounds, lissoclinamide,lobaplatin, lombricine, lometrexol, lometrexol sodium, lomustine,lonidamine, losoxantrone, losoxantrone hydrochloride, lovastatin,loxoribine, lurtotecan, lutetium texaphyrin lysofylline, lytic peptides,maitansine, mannostatin A, marimastat, masoprocol, maspin, matrilysininhibitors, matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, maytansine,mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate,melphalan, menogaril, merbarone, mercaptopurine, meterelin,methioninase, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoclopramide,metoprine, meturedepa, microalgal protein kinase C inhibitors, MIFinhibitor, mifepristone, miltefosine, mirimostim, mismatched doublestranded RNA, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin,mitoguazone, mitolactol, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitomycin analogs,mitonafide, mitosper, mitotane, mitotoxin fibroblast growthfactor-saporin, mitoxantrone, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mofarotene,molgramostim, monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin,monophosphoryl lipid a/myobacterium cell wall SK, mopidamol, multipledrug resistance gene inhibitor, mustard anticancer agent, mycaperoxideB, mycobacterial cell wall extract, mycophenolic acid, myriaporone,n-acetyldinaline, nafarelin, nagrestip, naloxone/pentazocine, napavin,naphterpin, nartograstim, nedaplatin, nemorubicin, neridronic acid,neutral endopeptidase, nilutamide, nisamycin, nitric oxide modulators,nitroxide antioxidant, nitrullyn, nocodazole, nogalamycin, n-substitutedbenzamides, O6-benzylguanine, octreotide, okicenone, oligonucleotides,onapristone, ondansetron, oracin, oral cytokine inducer, ormaplatin,osaterone, oxaliplatin, oxaunomycin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, paclitaxelanalogs, paclitaxel derivatives, palauamine, palmitoylrhizoxin,pamidronic acid, panaxytriol, panomifene, parabactin, pazelliptine,pegaspargase, peldesine, peliomycin, pentamustine, pentosan polysulfatesodium, pentostatin, pentrozole, peplomycin sulfate, perflubron,perfosfamide, perillyl alcohol, phenazinomycin, phenylacetate,phosphatase inhibitors, picibanil, pilocarpine hydrochloride,pipobroman, piposulfan, pirarubicin, piritrexim, piroxantronehydrochloride, placetin A, placetin B, plasminogen activator inhibitor,platinum complex, platinum compounds, platinum-triamine complex,plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine,procarbazine hydrochloride, propyl bis-acridone, prostaglandin J2,prostatic carcinoma antiandrogen, proteasome inhibitors, protein A-basedimmune modulator, protein kinase C inhibitor, protein tyrosinephosphatase inhibitors, purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors,puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, purpurins, pyrazorurin,pyrazoloacridine, pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate,RAF antagonists, raltitrexed, ramosetron, RAS farnesyl proteintransferase inhibitors, RAS inhibitors, RAS-GAP inhibitor, retelliptinedemethylated, rhenium RE 186 etidronate, rhizoxin, riboprine, ribozymes,RH retinarnide, RNAi, rogletimide, rohitukine, romurtide, roquinimex,rubiginone B1, ruboxyl, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, saintopin,sarcnu, sarcophytol A, sargramostim, SDI1 mimetics, semustine,senescence derived inhibitor 1, sense oligonucleotides, signaltransduction inhibitors, signal transduction modulators, simtrazene,single chain antigen binding protein, sizofiran, sobuzoxane, sodiumborocaptate, sodium phenylacetate, solverol, somatomedin bindingprotein, sonermin, sparfosafe sodium, sparfosic acid, sparsomycin,spicamycin D, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin,splenopentin, spongistatin 1, squalamine, stem cell inhibitor, stem-celldivision inhibitors, stipiamide, streptonigrin, streptozocin,stromelysin inhibitors, sulfinosine, sulofenur, superactive vasoactiveintestinal peptide antagonist, suradista, suramin, swainsonine,synthetic glycosaminoglycans, talisomycin, tallimustine, tamoxifenmethiodide, tauromustine, tazarotene, tecogalan sodium, tegafur,tellurapyrylium, telomerase inhibitors, teloxantrone hydrochloride,temoporfin, temozolomide, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone,tetrachlorodecaoxide, tetrazomine, thaliblastine, thalidomide,thiamiprine, thiocoraline, thioguanine, thiotepa, thrombopoietin,thrombopoietin mimetic, thymalfasin, thymopoietin receptor agonist,thymotrinan, thyroid stimulating hormone, tiazofurin, tin ethyletiopurpurin, tirapazamine, titanocene dichloride, topotecanhydrochloride, topsentin, toremifene, toremifene citrate, totipotentstem cell factor, translation inhibitors, trestolone acetate, tretinoin,triacetyluridine, triciribine, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate,trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tropisetron, tubulozolehydrochloride, turosteride, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, tyrphostins, UBCinhibitors, ubenimex, uracil mustard, uredepa, urogenital sinus-derivedgrowth inhibitory factor, urokinase receptor antagonists, vapreotide,variolin B, velaresol, veramine, verdins, verteporfin, vinblastinesulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidinesulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine,vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinxaltine, vinzolidinesulfate, vitaxin, vorozole, zanoterone, zeniplatin, zilascorb,zinostatin, zinostatin stimalamer, or zorubicin hydrochloride, siRNA orany combinations thereof.
 3. A nanoparticle produced according to themethod of claim
 1. 4. A composition comprising the nanoparticle of claim3 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 5. A method of treating adisease comprising the administration of a nanoparticle according toclaim 6 to a subject in an amount sufficient to treat said disease, saiddisease being selected from a cancer, inflammation or allergy.
 6. Themethod according to claim 5, wherein said disease is allergy.
 7. Themethod according to claim 5, wherein said disease is inflammation. 8.The method according to claim 5, wherein said disease is a cancer.